Wednesday, 31 July 2013

Experiments

Practicals

Class XI

Scheme

The record, to be submitted by the students, at the time of their annual examination, has to include
(l)Record of at least 15 Experiments [with a minimum of 8 from section A and 7 from section B], to be performed by the students.
(2) Record of at least 5 Activities [with a minimum of 2 each from section A and section B], to be performed by the students.
(3) Report of at least two demonstration experiments, to be carried out by the teacher.

Evaluation Scheme
Two experiments one from each section 8+8 Marks
Practical record (experiment & activities) 6 Marks
Record of Demonstration experiments 2 Marks
Viva on experiments & activities 6 Marks
Total 30 Marks

SECTION A

Experiments
(Any 8 experiments out of the following to be performed by the Students)
1. To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body using Vernier Callipers.
2. To measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier Callipers and hence find its volume.
3. To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge.
4. To measure thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge.
5. To determine volume of an irregular lamina using screw gauge.
6. To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.
7. To determine the mass of two different objects using a beam balance.
8. To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors.
9. Using a simple pendulum, plot L-T and L-T2 graphs. Hence find the effective length of second's pendulum using appropriate graph.
10. To study the relationship betwen force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find the co-efficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.
11. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination (.) by plotting graph between force and sin..

SECTION B

Experiments
(Any 7 experiments out of the following to be performed by the students)
1. To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire.
2. To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension.
3. To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between P and V, and between P and 1/V
4. To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
5. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
6. To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling curve.
7. To determine specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid (ii) liquid, by method of mixtures.
8. (i) To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension using sonometer.
(ii) To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension for constant frequency using sonometer.
9. To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube by two resonance positions.

Recommended Textbooks.
1. Physics Part-I, Textbook for Class XI, Published by NCERT
2 . Physics Part-II, Textbook for Class XI, Published by NCERT

Practicals

Class XII

Scheme

The record, to be submitted by the students, at the time of their annual examination, has to include
(l) Record of at least 15 Experiments [with a minimum of 7 from section A and 8 from section B], to be performed by the students.
(2) Record of at least 6 Activities [with a minimum of 3 each from section A and section B], to be demonstrated by the teachers.
(3) The Report of the project, to be carried out by the students.
Evaluation Scheme
Two experiments one from each section 8+8 Marks
Practical record [experiments & activities] 6 Marks
Project 3 Marks
Viva on experiments & project 5 Marks
Total 30 Marks

SECTION A

Experiments
(Any 7 experiments out of the following to be performed by the students)
1. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the resistively (specific resistance) of its material
3. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
4. To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
5. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.
6. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
7. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter and voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
8. To find the frequency of the a.c. mains with a sonometer.

SECTION B

Experiments
(Any 8 experiments out of the following to be performed by the students)
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.
2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
3. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7. To find refractive index of a liquid by using (i) concave mirror, (ii) convex lens and plane mirror.
8. To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
9. To draw the characteristic curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break down voltage.
10. To study the characteristic of a common - emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find out the values of current and voltage gains.

+2 PHYSICS

Syllabus

Class XII (Theory)

Total Periods : 180

One Paper Time: 3 Hours

Total Marks 70

Unit I Electrostatics 08

Unit II Current Electricity 07

Unit III Magnetic effect of current & Magnetism 08

Unit IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating current 08

Unit V Electromagnetic Waves 03

Unit VI Optics 14

Unit VII Dual Nature of Matter 04

Unit VIII Atoms and Nuclei 06

Unit IX Electronic Devices 07

Unit X Communication Systems 05

Unit I: Electrostatics (Periods 25)

Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric fleld.

Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long

straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor. Van de Graaff generator.

Unit II: Current Electricity (Periods 22)

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell,combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (Periods 25)

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids,

Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere.

Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting

their strengths. Permanent magnets.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents (Periods 20)

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction.

Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits,

wattless current.

AC generator and transformer.

Unit V: Electromagnetic waves (Periods 4)

Need for displacement current, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI: Optics (Periods 30)

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish apprearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments : Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescope. Polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster's law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation (Periods 8)

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s

photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment

(experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

Unit VIII: Atoms & Nuclei (Periods 18)

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.

Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivityalpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.

Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices (Periods 18)

Energy bands in solids (Qualitative ideas only) conductor, insulator and semiconductor;

semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V

characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor, transistor as an amplifier

(common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

Transistor as a switch.

Unit X: Communication Systems (Periods 10)

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.

CBSE

Historical Background

A trail of developments mark the significant changes that took place over the years in shaping up the Board to its present status. U P Board of High School and Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in 1921. It has under its jurisdiction Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In response to the representation made by the Government of United Provinces, the then Government of India suggested to set up a joint Board in 1929 for all the areas which was named as the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana. This included Ajmer, Merwara, Central India and Gwalior.

The Board witnessed rapid growth and expansion at the level of Secondary education resulting in improved quality and standard of education in institutions.But with the advent of State Universities and State Boards in various parts of the country the jurisdiction of the Board was confined only to Ajmer, Bhopal and Vindhya Pradesh later. As a result of this, in 1952 , the constitution of the Board was amended wherein its jurisdiction was extended to part-C and Part-D territories and the Board was given its present name.Central Board of Secondary Education. It was in the year 1962 finally that the Board was reconstituted. The main objectives were those of : serving the educational institutions more effectively, to be responsive to the educational needs of those students whose parents were employed in the Central Government and had frequently transferable jobs.

Major Activities and Objectives

The Central Board of Secondary Education was set up to achieve certain interlinked objectives:

� To prescribe conditions of examinations and conduct public examination at the end of Class X and XII . To grant qualifying certificates to successful candidates of the affiliated schools.

� To fulfill the educational requirements of those students whose parents were employed in transferable jobs.

� To prescribe and update the course of instructions of examinations

� To affiliate institutions for the purpose of examination and raise the academic standards of the country.

The prime focus of the Board is on

� Innovations in teaching-learning methodologies by devising students friendly and students centered paradigms.

� Reforms in examinations and evaluation practices.

� Skill learning by adding job-oriented and job-linked inputs.

� Regularly updating the pedagogical skills of the teachers and administrators by conducting in servic training programmes, workshops etc.

XI PHYSICS.....

Syllabus

Class XI

Class XI (Theory)

One Paper Three Hours

Max Marks: 70

Class XI Weightage

Unit I Physical World & Measurement 03

Unit II Kinematics 10

Unit III Laws of Motion 10

Unit IV Work, Energy & Power 06

Unit V Motion of System of particles & Rigid Body 06

Unit VI Gravitation 05

Unit VII Properties of Bulk Matter 10

Unit VIII Thermodynamics 05

Unit IX Behaviour of Perfect Gases & Kinetic Theory of gases 05

Unit X Oscillations & Waves 10

Total 70

Unit I: Physical World and Measurement

(Periods 10)

Physics - scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society.
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

Unit II: Kinematics

(Periods 30)

Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity.

Elementary concepts of differentiation and intergration for describing motion.Uniform and nonuniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity time and position-time graphs.

Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).

Scalar and vector quantities; Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and their

notations; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction

of vectors. Relative velocity.

Unit vector; Resolution of a vector in a plane - rectangular components. Scalar and Vector

product of vectors.

Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion. Uniform

circular motion.

Unit III: Laws of Motion

(Periods 16)

Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion.
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on banked road).

Unit IV: Work, Energy and Power

(Periods 16)

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.

Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Unit V: Motion of System of Particles

and

Rigid Body

(Periods 18)

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion.
Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod.
Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, laws of conservation of angular momentum and
is applications.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison
of linear and rotational motions.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia, for simple geometrical objects
(no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

Unit VI: Gravitation (Periods 14)

Keplar’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.

Unit VII: Properties of Bulk Matter

(Periods 28)

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio; elastic energy.
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes). Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow, critical
velocity. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure accros a curved surface,
application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, Thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, anomalous
expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv - calorimetry; change of state - latent heat capacity.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling,
Qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation , Wein's displacement Law, Stefan's law Green house effect.

Unit VIII: Thermodynamics (Periods 12)

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes.
Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engine and refrigerator.

Unit IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gases

and

Kinetic Theory of Gases

(Periods 8)

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done in compressing a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature;
rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only)
and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s
number.

Unit X: Oscillations and Waves
(Periods 28)

Periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions.
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring–restoring
force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum–
derivation of expression for its time period.
Free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.
Wave motion. Transverse and longitudinal waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation
for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves
in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect.

History physics

Physics (originates from Greek word physis means "nature") is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.

Physics is one of the oldest academics disciplines , perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.

Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or Nuclear Physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of ; industrialization and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

Sunday, 28 July 2013

PROJECTILES ASSIGNMENT FOR IIT-JEE

Advanced Sheet no 1

PROJECTILES

Q1) Find time taken by the projectile to reach the ground when thrown at an angle of

with x axis (in upward direction) from the top of tower of height “h” . [Sol : ]

Q2) Find time taken by the projectile to reach the ground when thrown at an angle of

with x axis (in downward direction) from the top of tower of height “h” . [Sol : ]

Q3) Find Range, max range and time of flight of a projectile when it is thrown up at an inclined plane at an angle of

with ground and given that angle of inclined plane is

.[Sol : ,

, ]

Q4) Find Range and time of flight of a projectile when it is thrown down at an inclined plane at an angle of

with x axis and given that angle of inclined plane is

. [Sol:, ]

Q5) Two bodies are projected from the same point with equal speeds in such a direction that they both strikes the same point on a plane whose inclination is

. If

is angle of projection of first body with horizontal then find the ratio of their time of flights. [Sol : ]

Q6) Show that there are two values of time for which a projectile is at the same height Also show mathematically that the sum of these two times is equal to the time of flight.

Q7) A particle A is projected with an initial velocity of 60m/s at an angle

to the horizontal. At the same time a second particle B is projected in opposite direction with initial speed of 50 m/s from a point at a distance of 100 m from A. If the particles collide in air, find (a) the angle of projection

of particle B, (b) time when the collision takes place and (c) the distance of P from A, where collision occurs.

[Sol : ]

Q8) A car accelerating at the rate of

from rest from origin is carrying a man at the rear end who has a gun in his hand. The car is always moving along positive x-axis. At t = 4 s, the man fires from the gun and the bullet hits a bird at t = 8s. The bird has a position vector

Find velocity of projection of the bullet. Take the y-axis in the horizontal plane.

)

[Sol : ]

Q9) The velocity of a projectile when it is at the greatest height is

times its velocity when it is at half of its greatest height. Determine its angle of projection. [Sol : 60⁰]

Q10) A particle is thrown over a triangle from one end of a horizontal base and after grazing the vertex falls on the other end of the base. If

and

be the base angles and

the angle of p0rojection, prove that

Q11) A ball is projected horizontally in air such that it moves with a constant horizontal acceleration a due to air flow. Taking the gravitational acceleration into account. Find the (a) velocity (b) acceleration as the function of time till it strikes the ground. [Sol :